Sin city smokers series#
Since then, a series of tax increases followed (see Table 1 for a summary of excise tax reforms). The Philippine government significantly increased cigarette excise taxes by passing the Sin Tax Reform Act of 2012. This increase in smoking intensity that happened alongside the decline in prevalence lends some support to the “hardening hypothesis,” which posits that tobacco control measures mainly affect less dependent smokers, leaving behind “hardened” smokers who would never quit smoking. That average smoking intensity or the number of daily sticks smoked has increased from 18.5 in 1980 to 21.4 in 2012 –a figure higher compared to more than half of the 187 countries studied by Ng et al. Although prevalence has been declining, the annual rate of decline barely changed since 1990. Ībout one in five Filipinos is a smoke –making the Philippines the country with the third highest smoking prevalence in Southeast Asia. Smoking prevalence, which has been declining in past decades, remains significant at approximately 25.0% for men and 5.4% for women. In 2019, tobacco accounted for about 8.17 million deaths globally. įunding: The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: The Philippine Global Adult Tobacco Survey data used for this study is made available by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention here in this link. Received: JAccepted: SeptemPublished: October 13, 2022Ĭopyright: © 2022 Cheng, Estrada. PLoS ONE 17(10):Įditor: Edward Jay Trapido, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, UNITED STATES The dominant role of nicotine dependence in determining a smoker’s typology points to the need for non-price based measures, such as those targeted towards highly-nicotine dependent smokers, to complement tax-induced price increases and comprehensively address the smoking problem.Ĭitation: Cheng KJG, Estrada MAG (2022) A dichotomy of smokers in the Philippines following sin tax reform: Distinguishing potential quitters from those unlikely to quit. Nicotine dependence stood out as the most important predictor of being in the unlikely to quit group. They smoke up to three fewer sticks than those unlikely to quit, controlling for other factors. Potential quitters tend to be female, a student, and less nicotine dependent. The second group, called “unlikely to quit” (37.38%), have smokers who opt for price-minimization strategies like switching to cheaper brands, buying in bulk, or asking cigarettes from others.
The first group, called “potential quitters” (62.62%), is composed of smokers who are more likely to consider quitting and decrease sticks smoked. We found two typologies based on smokers’ response. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were employed to uncover determinants of typologies and smoking intensity. To uncover typologies, random effects latent class modelling was used on six individual smoker responses (attempting to stop, thinking about quitting, decreasing sticks smoked, switching to cheaper brands, buying in bulk, and asking from others). We used cross-sectional data from the 2015 wave of the Philippine Global Adult Tobacco Survey (N = 1,651). Given varying smokers’ responses to the price increase, we examined underlying typologies of Filipino smokers and assessed how these typologies determine smoking intensity. As a result, cigarette prices increased substantially. The Philippine government significantly raised cigarette excise taxes in 2013, following passage of the landmark Sin Tax Reform Act of 2012.
0 kommentar(er)
